biomassnew

Research cluster on Biomass and Waste

1. Principal investigators
2. Introduction
3. Keywords
4. Activities
5. International collaboration
6. Students theses and exchange
7. Publications

Principal investigators are currently:

André Faaij (Dr. A.P.C.): coordinator
Postdoc (vacancy)
Marc Londo (drs. H.M.)
Carlo Hamelinck (Ir.)
Monique Hoogwijk (Drs.)
Martin Junginger (Drs.)
Marko Hekkert (Dr. M.P.)
Veronika Dornburg (Ir. )
Monica Rodrigues de Souza (Ir.)

On specific topics assistance is given by:

Jos Dekker (drs. J.) (biodiversity and multi-functional land-use)
Pita Verweij (Dr. P.) (GIS and land-use)

On average 5-6 students are writing their Msc. thesis in the biomass and waste field.

2. Introduction

The potential of biomass as a renewable energy source has been clearly shown in numerous studies. Long term scenarios for the worlds energy supply indicate that biomass may cover up to 50% of the worlds energy demand in the second half of the next century, equivalent to about 200 - 300 EJ/year. Biomass may also prove to be one of the main renewable energy options than can compete on large scael with fossil fuels on short term already.

However, numerous barriers can be identified that hamper the utilization of this potential. Costs of bio-energy are still high in many situations. A contribution of 200-300 EJ (compared to a current 50 EJ, of which a considerably part is non-commerical and often unsustainable use of biomass) may involve a land surface in the order of magnitude of 1.000 million hectares on a global scale. Such a claim will have major consequences for land-use, biodiversity and possibly competion with food production. Furthermore, biomass is a very diverse energy carrier with a multitude of potential sources and applications. Furthermore, the performance and impacts of bio-energy systems are often strongly site-specific.

The research of the department in this field aims for gaining more insight in both barriers as well as promising options to utilize biomass for energy. Sustainability issues related to large scale use of biomass for energy are addressed in various projects. In the work there is a focus on using biomass with efficient techniques to convert them to modern energy sources, such as liquid fuels and electricity.

Although the research at STS is organized in separate clusters, the biomass activities are an integral part of the department. Important cross-links for the research in the bio-energy field are with land-use and biodiversity, energy system analysis (e.g. LCA and modelling of energy systems), material efficiency work (e.g. organic materials and recycling issues), as well as other work on renewable energy sources (such as infrastucture issues and integrated resource planning).

In the field of research on biomass & waste STS has gained extensive experience in:

Studies and modelling of conversion technologies: i.e. the use of ASPEN-plus, studies on BIG/CC systems, (co-)combustion, pyrolysis, production of (bio-)fuels.
Land-use issues: potential studies (Netherlands, Nicaragua, Ireland), type of land-use and biodiversity, methodological aspects of comparing various production systems and competition for land).
Economic analyses (both cost analyses as well as macro-economic analyses, such as Input/Output modelling).
Life Cycle Analysis and Environmental Impact Analyses; applied in many projects. Besides chain analysis specific attention is for example paid to water-use of energy crops, the use of pesticides and of fertilizers. Biodiversity is a major point of attention in a Ph.D.-project.
Developing modelling tools. We developed micro- and macro- economic models, models on conversion technologies and on entire bio-energy chains and waste treatment systems by means of LP-modelling for optimisation purposes. Two recent models are the OWTEP (Optimal Waste To Energy Planner) model for optimisting allocation of biomass waste streams to conversion facilities and the SILVA (SILVicultural Attainable yield) model for modelling crop growth of energy crops.
Methodology development and demonstration (e.g. chain analysis, system optimisation, external costs, land-use and biodiversity, etc.).
Long term technology assessments (fuel production and use, combined fossil fuel and biomass fired systems and material production)..
Scenario studies (waste treatment systems, material use, integral energy systems).
Comparative studies (between technologies/systems, regions/countries).
Potential studies/resource evaluations (waste, residues, energy crops).
Waste treatment and material use and efficiency (covering technology evaluations, chain analyses and system modelling and comparisons).
Policy issues and non-technical barriers.

3. Keywords

Biomass, Bioenergy, power generation, CHP, transport fuels, renewable energy, energy farming, waste and residues, biodiversity, multifunctionality, BIG/CC, gasification, combustion, gas turbines, methanol, hydrogen, macro-economic impacts, LCA.

4. Selection of research projects related to biomass energy which have been or are carried out at STS:

Gasification of wet biomass waste streams for electricity production (Province of Noord-Holland)

Exploration of the land potential for production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands (NOVEM).

Long term perspectives for production of fuels from biomass (STW)

Cost-effectiveness of transportation fuels from biomass (NOVEM)

COBIOCOWA: Co-combustion of biomass and coal waste (DG XII: JOULEIII)

Developing a linear programming tool for optimising biomass waste treatment systems (Hanze Milieu N.V./NOVEM)

Ph.D-project at STS in collaboration with RIVM on long term possibilities and constraints of large scale use of renewable energy in Europe (RIVM)

Energy from biomass; assessment of two promising systems for energy production from biomass (DG XII; JOULEII)

Internalization of the externalities in the overall costs of bio-energy (DG XII: APAS)

Concerted Action: Gasification of biomass (DG VI: FAIR)

NOP-MLK II-research programme: AAssessment of bioenergy systems@, consists of:

1. Methodological framework to assess biomass energy systems (Ph.D.-project)

2. Energy farming and biodiversity (Ph.D.-project).

3. Production of liquid fuels from biomass

4.Yields under various land use options (carried out by the Agricultural University of Wageningen).

Efficient use of organic materials (Ph.D.-project)

Using Eucalyptus at sugar mills in Nicaragua (FAO)

Long term perspectives of BIG/CC technology (NOVEM)

Bio-energy trade; possibilities and constraints on short and longer term (ALTENER-programme/NUTEK/NOVEM).

Small scale treatment of chicken manure on farm level (Vencomatic/NOVEM)

Long term perspectives of production of biofuels; integrated assessment and RD&D priorities (STW).

Overview of activities related to production of biofuels in North and South America (NOVEM).

Global strategic advice with respect to transportation fuels in relation to sustainable development (Shell International B.V.)

Development of scenario=s for optimising energy production from waste treatment in the Netherlands (Ministry of Environment - VROM)
4 year Research Programme ABioPush: Integrated Strategies for Identifying Optimal Bio-Energy Production and Utilisation Systems@ (NWO/NOVEM). Consists of four subprojects covering biomass cascading and system modelling (STS-UU), macro-economic analyses of changing land-use patterns (Wageningen Agricultural University), actor analyses (Delft Technical Univ.) and overall methodology development (STS-UU).

Flexibility Mechanisms - a tool for implementing the campaign for take-off for renewable energy of the European Union (ALTENER - DG XVII)

Enhancing the production of renewable energy in nature and recreation areas (NOVEM).

Assessment of technologies for the production of Fischer-Tropsch liquids from biomass (Shell International B.V., SDE).

Most recent fields of attention are multifunctional and multi-output biomass production systems, advanced conversion routes and bio-energy system optimisation.

5. International collaboration and other activities:

* Collaboration with FAO:

Richard van den Broek has undertaken a study for the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (the FAO), a study on the use of wood for energy in all European and OECD countries. For this purpose various institutes which have databases on this subject have been visited, namely: the International Energy Agency, Eurostat, the Economic Comission for Europe of the United Nations, the FAO and the Lawrence Berkely Institute. All their databases have been analysed and put in a comparable format. This format consists of timeseries (between 1980 and 1994) of total wood energy use, the share of the different types of wood that have been used and the various sectors which consumed the wood energy (for 1980, 1985 and 1990). The large differences that occured between their data (sometimes up to a factor 5) have been explained.

On the basis of this, a best estimate has been made for the amount of wood that has been used for energy between 1980 and 1994. An analysis of the resulting dataset has been made.

Part on basis of FAO funding an extensive case study has been carried out on the use of specially cultivated Eucalyptus wood for energy production in sugar mills in Nicaragua. The work is carried out in close collaboration with various partners in Nicaragua.

This work is carried out by Richard van den Broek as well. Work is still ongoing through students exchange. Follow-up work is ongoing and planned.

Andre Faaij participated as invited speaker in a workshop organised by the Regional Wood Energy Development Programma (RWEDP) of the FAO (regional office Asia and Pacific) which was held on Manilla, the Philipines, April 1998.

Guidelines and recommendations for accelerated development of biomass (especialy wood) power projects in the Asian region were formulated. Limitations and barriers were discussed. The workshop was joined by various people from governments and research institutes throughout the Asian region as well as people from utilities, companies, the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, FAO and others. Further exchange of e.g. students and research activities between RWEDP and Utrecht is partly taking place and is being prepared.

Furthermore, October 2000, Andre Faaij and Erik Lysen (director Utrecht Centre for Energy research) were invited to FAO headquarters in Rome for a dedicated seminar on long term research priorities for developing bio-energy within the context of FAO activities.

The International Energy Agency – Bioenergy Agreement

Start of 2001, STS-UU was requested to participate as Dutch delegate in the Bioenergy Agreement of the International Energy Agency. For a period of three years Andre Faaij will participate in task 38 "Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems", amongst others focused on carbon accounting, land-use and long term strategies for biomass use for CO2 emission mitigation. Over the years, various researchers from STS-UU have contributed to diverse tasks within the bioenergy agreement, amongst others gasification and Short Rotation Forestry.

* Working visit at the Center of Energy and Environmental Studies of the Princeton University (USA);

The first half of 1998 Andre Faaij worked as a visiting research fellow at CEES, Princeton University. Amongst others in collaboration with Dr. Eric Larson, inventories are made of system improvements for conversion concepts to produce methanol and hydrogen from biomass. The performance of various system concepts will be evaluated with help of the flowsheet simulation programme ASPEN-plus, followed by economic analyses. Main research questions include the study of scale effects on costs and performance and comparisons with advanced ethanol production. Collaboration with Darthmouth College (Lee Lynd and Peter van Walsum) is also part of this work.

* AFREPREN

February 1999 a visiting researcher from AFREPREN (African Energy Policy Research Network) joined STS to work on a study on waste treatment in Africa, resulting in a joint publication on the topic. Follow-up activities are under discussion.

* Working visit to the USA

Summer 1995 a biomass conference at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the 2nd biomass conference of the America's in Portland, Oregon were attended. Oral and poster presentations were given. The conferences were part of a working visit including a number of companies and institutes working in the biomass field (General Electric, IGT (Institute of Gas Technology), EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute), Burlington power station, DOE, Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies Princeton University, and the New York State University).

* Collaboration with King's College London (André Faaij):

During summer 1996 a working visit was made to the group of Prof. David Hall; King's College, London University. Work was done on external costs of bioenergy and several other topics. The working period was sponsored by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).

King=s College London is as well a partner in a JOULEIII research project on co-combustion of biomass, as well as a partner in collaboration with Brazil.

* Working visits to Ireland:

In the context of a JOULEII project an extensive case-study was made of using biomass as an alternative fuel for peat in existing peat-fired power plants in Ireland. Work was carried out in close collaboration with various Irish partners (Electricity Supply Board of Ireland, Teagasc, Trinity College Dublin and duQuesne ltd.). Various peat fired power plants were visited to get detailed data about technical and perfromance issues.

This work got a follow up by the work of the Masters student Sietske Teeuwisse, who made a further analysis of using biomass for co-firing a new planned peat fired power plant in Ireland with a focus on the comparison of multi-product plantations with pure energy crops.

* Working visits to Scandinavia and the Baltics:

Various research projects lead to intensive contacts and collaboration with various Scandinavian partners. In the context of work covering biomass gasification for power generation a working visit was made to various companies and research centers to obtain information on gasification based power generation technologies and ongoing projects and R&D activities in this field. Intensive collaboration has taken place with TPS (Termiska Processer AB) in Sweden in the context of an EU-JOULEII project. VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland) was visited several times for various activities as well. In the context of an EU-ALTENER project on possibilities and constraints of international trade of energy from biomass, Agnes Agterberg worked at the Swedish Agricultural University in Uppsala at the department of Forest Industry Market Studies (SIMS). Andre Faaij joined a working visit to Estonia and Sweden organized by NOVEM and the Biomass Technology Group in the context of exploring the possibilities and limitations for importing wood for energy to the Netherlands. Also a recent IEA gasification in Helsinki was attended.

* Brazil:

STS participates in a network to write a book about modern biomass applications in Brazil. Contributions will be made to for example technology overviews and assessments of external costs. Work is carried out in collaboration with various Brazilian partners (University of Campinas) and King=s College London. Related to this reseach is carried out on comparing the PRO-ALCOOL programme with other options to produce fuel from biomass. A Ph.D. student from the University of Campinas (Sao Paulo State) will join STS for one year to work on issues regarding competition of natural gas with biomass in SE Brazil.

* Cuba:

has been visited several times for attending conferences. Efforts are made to establish collaboration with Cuban partners in the field of energy conservation and biomass utilisation for energy.

* In India (e.g. with TERI), Thailand (with RWEDP-FAO and NEPO) and South Africa (CSIR, EDRC), research is carried out through Msc. Students writing their theses on specific bio-energy topics.

Ph.D.theses

A large part of the work on production of electricity from biomass via gasification, external costs and several NOVEM projects has been published in the Ph.D.-thesis (september 1997) of André Faaij. (as well as in various scientific articles).

Richard van den Broek wrote his Ph.D.-thesis on assessment methods for bioenergy systems. Besides a strong methodological component this work includes case studies in Nicaragua, Ireland and the Netherlands. Various parts of the work have been published in scientific journals.

Marc Londo is working on a Ph.D. thesis on possibilities and constraints to combine energy farming with biodiversity goals. This works covers for example multi-functional land-use and is carried out in close collaboration with the department of Theoretical Production Ecology of the Agricultural University of Wageningen and supervised by the environmental biology department of the University of Leiden.

Marko Hekkert wrote a Ph.D. thesis on the efficient use of organic materials. Major examples are paper and construction wood. Research questions cover for example to what extent it is useful to recycle organic materials and when energy production from organic waste streams (such as paper and waste wood) becomes more attractive. Work is carried out in collaboration with the Netherlands Energy Research Foundation.

Monique Hoogwijk started her Ph.D. research in 1999 on the long-term system-dynamic assessment of renewable energy in the future global energy supply. The first part consists of assessing the potential of renewable energy sources and conversion technologies, afterwhich this will be translated into model structures and implemented in TIMER, which is a global energy model developed at RIVM. This project will be jointly supervised by STS-UU and the State Institute for Health and Environment (RIVM).

Martin Junginger started his Ph.D. research beginning of 2001 on strategies for accelerated implementation of renewable energy (in NW European context). Bio-energy, solar and wind energy will be studied in an integral way. This project is part of a 4 year programme, funded by NWO and NOVEM and is carried out in close collaboration with Technical University of Delft, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation and other parties. The programme is coordinated by the Utrecht Centre for Energy Research (UCE).

Monica Rodrigues de Souza has joined STS-UU in 1999 for a training period of one year to work on her Ph.D. thesis: AAlternatives for developing electricity production from biomass in SE Brazil: feasibility of co-firing (natural gas + biomass) option.@ She is supervised by Prof.Dr. Arnaldo Walter (promotor; Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas (SP) Brazil and Dr. Andre Faaij (co-promotor).

Prof. Dr. W.C. Turkenburg (STS-UU), Prof. Dr. D.O. Hall (KCL, London Unviversity), Prof. Dr. H. De Kruiff (STS-UU), Dr. A.J.M. van Wijk (Ecofys), Dr. E. Worrell (LBL Berkely), Drs. J. Dekker, Prof. W. Ter Keurs (Leiden University), Dr. B. de Vries (RIVM/STS-UU) act as supervisors (promotor and co-promotor) for various Ph.D. theses.

Other Ph.D. thesis in the bioenergy field are being considered for other researchers, depending on ongoing research at the department. The general policy of STS is to publish results of research in scientific journals. For the biomass activities the journal Biomass & Bioenergy is a major publishing medium. Andre Faaij is a member of the editorial board of this journal

6. Students: theses & exchange.

From 1996 - 1998 about 20 students finished their final thesis or are working on one in the field of biomass and waste for energy. Furthermore, smaller thesis (e.g. for 6 week or 3 month periods) are written on various topics as well.

Students stem from various faculties and backgrounds which is of particular interest for the multidisciplinary work related to bio-energy at STS. Students from chemistry, biology, physics, environmental studies, geography and engineering have been welcomed at our department. They thereby contribute in diverse and various ways to research and publications.

We strive for international collaboration and exchange for master students and an extensive network covering the EU and numerous developing countries can be contacted to explore options for research in other countries. STS serves as home base and supervising institute in such cases. Foreign exchange students are welcomed at STS (provided there is sufficient capacity and manpower for supervision); we had for example visitors from Africa, China, Brazil, Nicaragua and Germany within the current bioenergy research.

Examples of M.Sc. research topics:

LCA of integrated digestion and incineration concepts for MSW.
Status and performance of pyrolysis of biomass.
Optimisation of final waste treatment systems.
Macro-economic and cost analysis of international trade of energy from biomass.
Pressurized biomass combustion -gas turbine conversion systems.
National and regional economic impacts of electricity production from energy crops in the Netherlands.
Diseases and pests in energy crops and potential various abatement strategies.
Crop yield modelling in Nicaragua
Co-combustion of biomass from multi-product production systems and peat in Ireland
Co-combustion of biomass in the Netherlands and macro-economic impacts.
Waste treatment in Africa.
Comparative LCA on different agricultural production systems: organic agriculture compared with conventional agriculture combined with the production of energy crops
Determination of a cost-optimal biomass conversion system for the short term implementation in the rural energy sector of South Africa.
Evaluation of possibilities for biomass production and multi-functional land-use
Optimising bio-energy systems; small scale heat and CHP versus large scale systems
Non-technical barriers at the implementation of bio-energy projects
Comparison of bio-energy policies of the Netherlands with other cases.
Distribution and end-use of various bio-fuel options.
Potentials for energy efficiency improvement and electricity production from biomass by Indian sugarmills.
Development of biomass supply strategies for larger scale bio-energy projects; case study in Thailand.
The perspectives of production of synthetic hydrocarbons from biomass via Fischer-Tropsch processes.
Production of ethanol and methanol from biomass for the transportation sector in the Brazilian context.
Development and performance of advanced ethanol production from biomass on longer term.
The effectiveness of forestry projects under the Clean Development Mechanism.
Development of methods to assess the use of biomass for energy in developing countries.

7. Selection of publications of the Department of Science, Technology and Society on the field of biomass energy.

7.1. Ph. D. theses

Faaij, A.P.C., Energy from Biomass and Waste; Ph.D. thesis. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1997, 180 pages (No. 97046).

2. Hekkert, M.P., Improving material management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; Ph.D.-thesis. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 2000, 216 pages.

3. Broek, van den, R.C.A., Sustainability of biomass electricity systems; Ph.D. thesis. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 2000, 216 pages.

7.2. Articles in scientific journals

1. Van den Broek, R., L. Vleeshouwers, M. Hoogwijk, A. van Wijk, and W. Turkenburg, The energy crop growth model SILVA: Description and application to eucalyptus plantations in Nicaragua, submitted for publication in Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000.

2. Van den Broek, R., D.J. Treffers, M. Meeusen, A. van Wijk, E. Nieuwlaar, and W. Turkenburg, Green Energy or EKO Food : a comparative LCA study, based on the use of equal land area, of two ways of utilizing set-aside land, submitted for publication in the Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2000.

3. Van den Broek, R., M. Hoogwijk, A. van Wijk, J. Dekker, and W. Turkenburg, Potential local environmental impacts of eucalyptus in Nicaragua, submitted for publication in Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000.

4. M. Junginger, A. Faaij, A. Koopmans, R. van den Broek, W. Hulscher, Setting up fuel supply strategies for large scale bio-energy projects - a methodology for developing countries, Department of Science, Technology and Society - Utrecht University and the Regional Wood Energy Development Programma - Food and Agriculture Organization, September 2000, (submitted to Biomass & Bioenergy)

5. M. Tijmensen, A. Faaij, C. Hamelinck, M. Hardeveld, The production of Fischer Tropsch liquids and power through biomass gasification, Department of Science, Technology and Society - Utrecht University and Shell Global Solutions, September 2000, (submitted to Biomass & Bioenergy)

6. R. van den Broek, S. Teeuwisse, K. Healion, T. Kent, A. van Wijk, A. Faaij, W. Turkenburg, Potentials for electricity production from biomass in Ireland, September 2000. (submitted for publication in: Energy).

7. V. Dornburg, A. Faaij, A system analysis of biomass energy systems in relation to scale - optimising economics and energy yields of heat and power generation with biomass combustion and gasification technologies -, Department of Science Technology and Society, Faculty of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands, March 2000. (submitted to Biomass & Bioenergy).

8. Van den Broek, R., A. van Wijk and W. Turkenburg, Electricity generation from eucalyptus and bagasse by sugar mills in Nicaragua: A comparison with fuel oil electricity generation on the basis of costs, macro-economic impacts and environmental emissions, accepted for publication in Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000.

9. Van den Broek, R., A. van Wijk and W. Turkenburg, Farm-based versus industrial eucalyptus plantations for electricity generation in Nicaragua, accepted for publication in Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000.

10. A. Faaij, L. Cortez, Impressions of the 1st World Conference and exhibition of biomass for energy and industry, Contribution to the Journal for Energy and Sustainable Development. Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 13-14, 2000.

11. A. Faaij, La bioenergie et le developpement durable. In: Biofutur - Le Mensuel Europeen de Biotechnologie, no. 195, pp. 16-19, December 1999.

12. Faaij, A., M. Hekkert, E. Worrell, A. van Wijk, Optimization of the final waste treatment system in the Netherlands. Resources, conservation and recycling, No.22 Pp. 47 - 82, 1998.

13. Faaij, A., B. Meuleman, W. Turkenburg, A. van Wijk, A. Bauen, F. Rosillo-Calle, D. Hall, Externalities of biomass based electricity production compared to power generation from coal in the Netherlands. Biomass and Bioenergy Vol 14. No. 2, pp. 125-147, 1998.

14. Faaij, A., I. Steetskamp, A. van Wijk, Exploration of the land potential for the production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol 14.No. 5/6. Pp.439-456, 1998

15. Broek, R.v.d., A. Faaij, A. van Wijk, T. Kent, M. Bulfin, K. Healion, G. Blaney, Willow firing retrofitted Irish peat power plants, Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997 12(2): p. 75-90. (Report no. 97010)

16. Broek, R. van den, L. Lemmens, Rural electrification in Tanzania: constructive use of project appraisal. Energy Policy, Vol 25, Issue 1, pp. 43-54, 1997.

17. A. Faaij, A. van Wijk, J. van Doorn, A. Curvers, L. Waldheim, E. Olsson, C. Daey-Ouwens Characteristics and availability of biomass waste and residues in the Netherlands for gasification, Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 225-240, 1997.

18. Faaij, A., R. van Ree, L. Waldheim, E. Olsson, A. Oudhuis, A. van Wijk, C. Daey Ouwens, W. Turkenburg, Gasification of biomass wastes and residues for electricity production. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 12 No. 6, 1997.

19. Broek, R. van den, A. Faaij, A. van Wijk, Biomass combustion for power generation, Biomass combustion for power generation, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 271-281, 1996 (Report no. 96092).

20. Carneiro de Miranda, R., Broek, R. van den, Power generation from fuelwood by the Nicaraguan sugarmills, Energy for sustainable development, Vol. 3, No. 4., pp. 64-67, 1996.(Report no. 97079).

21. Worrell, E., M. Levine, L. Price, N. Martin, R. van den Broek, and K. Blok, Efficient use of energy and materials: progress and policies: a report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in: Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 227-239, 1996.

22. E. Worrell, A. Faaij, G.J.M. Phylipsen and K. Blok, An Approach for Analysing the Potential for Material Efficiency Improvement, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 13, pp. 215-232, 1995.

Book chapters (peer reviewed)

1. Faaij, A., Biomass use for energy in The Netherlands, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University. In: Tagungsband: Thermische Nutzung von Biomasse - Technik, Probleme und Lösungsansätze - Schriftenreihe "Nachwachsende Rohstoffe" Band 2, bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Stuttgart, April, 1994.

2. A. Walter, A. Faaij, A. Bauen, Electricity production from biomass. In: Industrial Uses of Biomass Energy B The Example of Brazil, Frank Rossilo-Calle, Sergio Bajay and Harry Rothamn (eds.), published by Taylor & Francis, London, UK, 2000

3. Turkenburg, W.C. et al., Renewable energy technologies. In: J. Goldemberg et al. (Eds.), in: World Energy Assessment, UNDP/UN-DESA/WEC, Chapter 7, 102 p., 2000.

4. A. Faaij, P. Borjesson, S. Coelho, D. Hall, S. Karekezi, E. Larson, H. Rogner, Biomass Energy. Chapter 7 for the World Energy Assessment of the United Nations, (summer 2000) pp. 18

6. H. Rogner, F. Barthel, M. Cabrera, A. Faaij, M. Giroux, D. Hall, V. Kagramanian, S. Kononov, T. Lefevre, R. Moreira, R. Noetsaller, P. Odell, M. Taylor, Energy Resources. Chapter 5 for the World Energy Assessment of the United Nations, (summer 2000) pp. 64

7.3. Reports

1. M. Tijmensen. A. Faaij, C. Hamelinck, Green Fischer-Tropsch Liquids and Power through Biomass Gasification; and Economic Evaluation. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University. Report prepared for Shell International B.V. Utrecht, July 2000. 10 pp.

2. A. Faaij, R. Van den Broek, E. Lysen, D. Gielen, M. Hoogwijk, J. Wolf, Mondiale beschikbaarheid en mogelijkheden voor import van biomassa voor energie in Nederland: Synthese van het onderzoeksproject GRAIN: Global Restrictions on biomass Availability for Import to the Netherlands, Vakgroep Natuurwetenschap & Samenleving - Universiteit Utrecht, UCE, ECN, LUW-TPE. Rapportage in opdracht van NOVEM, Utrecht, Juli 2000. Pp.

3. A. Faaij, R. Van den Broek, W. Turkenburg, Sustainability criteria for large scale international trade in biomass for energy. Part of the GRAIN-project: Global Restrictions on biomass Availability for Import to the Netherlands Department of Science, Technology and Society - Utrecht University. Report prepared for NOVEM; Utrecht, July 2000. Pp.

4. R. Van den Broek, A. Faaij, Sustainable production of biomass in Nicaragua for export to the Netherlands: a case study. Part of the GRAIN-project: Global Restrictions on biomass Availability for Import to the Netherlands Department of Science, Technology and Society - Utrecht University. Report prepared for NOVEM; Utrecht, July 2000. Pp.

5. G.G. Schoonderbeek, K. Michels, A. Faaij, H. Opdam, Kleinschalige energie-opwekking uit pluimveemest op bedrijfsniveau. Deel 1: Verbranding, een haalbaarheidsstudie. ECOFYS B.V. en Vakgroep Natuurwetenschap & Samenleving, Universiteit Utrecht. Rapportage in opdracht van Vencomatic B.V. en NOVEM. Rapportnr. E 45017.1, Utrecht, April 2000. 58 pp. + appendices.

6. G.G. Schoonderbeek, K. Michels, A. Faaij, H. Opdam, Kleinschalige energie-opwekking uit pluimveemest op bedrijfsniveau. Deel 2: Vergassing, een haalbaarheidsstudie. ECOFYS B.V. en Vakgroep Natuurwetenschap & Samenleving, Universiteit Utrecht. Rapportage in opdracht van Vencomatic B.V. en NOVEM. Rapportnr. E 45017.1, Utrecht, Juni 2000. 29 pp. + appendices.

7. A. Faaij, Global Strategic Advice with respect to transportation fuels in relation to sustainable development - A >Quickscan= of options for the production of alternative transportation fuels on the long term -. Prepared for Shell International B.V.; in collaboration with and supervision from The Netherlands Foundation for Development of Sustainable Chemistry (DCO). Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, November 1999.

8. R. Van den Broek, E. Lysen, A. Faaij, M. Roose, Biomassa energie onderzoek op Nederlandse Universiteiten - een overzicht van recent afgerond en lopend onderzoek naar energie-opwekking uit biomassa en afval op Nederlandse Universiteiten -, Vakgroep Natuurwetenschap & Samenleving - Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht Centrum voor Energie-onderzoek, NOVEM/EWAB rapport, Oktober 1999.

9. Broek, R. van den, Electricity from biomass in Las Segovias: potential utilization of the forest residues in Region 1 in Nicaragua (in Spanish), Consultory for PROLEÑA / ADESO, Managua, 1999.

10. A. Faaij, P. Borjesson, S. Coelho, D. Hall, S. Karekezi, E. Larson, H. Rogner, Bio-energy. Chapter for the World Energy Assessment of the United Nations, October 1999 (Draft)

11. H. Rogner, F. Barthel, M. Cabrera, A. Faaij, M. Giroux, D. Hall, V. Kagramanian, S. Kononov, T. Lefevre, R. Moreira, R. Noetsaller, P. Odell, M. Taylor, Energy Resources. Chapter 5 for the World Energy Assessment of the United Nations, October 1999 (Draft for Peer Review)

12. A. Faaij, Overview of activities related to production of fuels from biomass in North and South America. Dept. of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University. Report prepared for NOVEM (GAVE programme), June 1999.

13. J. Karanja, S. Karekezi, A.Faaij, Waste treatment in Africa, African Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN), Dept. of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, March 1999. (forthcoming).

14. B. Meuleman, A. Faaij, Overview of Co-combustion options for coal fired power plants, report prepared within the framework of the JOULEIII COBIOCOWA project Dept. of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, March 1999.

15. A. Agterberg, A. Faaij, Bio-energy trade; possibilities and constraints on short and longer term. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University. Report prepared in the context of an EU ALTENER project, co-funded by NOVEM and NUTEK (EWAB report 9841), December 1998.

16. Broek, R. van den, A van Wijk, The generation of electricity from eucalyptus and bagasse in sugar mills in Nicaragua: costs, macro-economic and environmental impacts (in Spanish), report for the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, 1998.

17. A. Faaij, B. Meuleman, R. Van Ree, Long term perspectives of BIG/CC technology, performance and costs, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University and the Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), report prepared for NOVEM (EWAB 9840) December 1998.

18. B. Meuleman, A. Faaij, Een optimalisatiemodel voor organische reststromen; OWTEP: Optimal Waste To Energy Planner, Sectie Natuurwetenschap en Samenleving, Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Hanze Milieu N.V. en NOVEM (EWAB rapport 9846), december 1998.

19. D. De Jager, A. Faaij, W.P. Troelstra, Kosten-effectiviteit van transportbrandstoffen uit biomassa, ECOFYS, Vakgroep Natuurwetenschap en Samenleving Universiteit Utrecht, Innas B.V., in opdracht van NOVEM (EWAB rapport 9830), juni 1998.

20. M.P.Hekkert, L. Joosten, E. Worrell, Analysis of the paper and wood flow in The Netherlands, using STREAMS, 1998.

21. B. Meuleman, A. Faaij, Integrale vergelijking en duurzaamheidsaspecten van diverse technieken voor verwerking van organisch afval, Vakgroep Natuurwetenschap en Samenleving Universiteit Utrecht,rapportage in opdracht van N.V. Afvalzorg, December 1997.

22. Oonk, H., J. Vis, E. Worrell, A. Faaij, J.W. Bode, The Methahydro-process - preliminary design and cost evaluation, Report prepared for the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, Energy Research and Process Innovation, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, report no. 27769, Apeldoorn, 1997.

23. Ven, B. van der, A. Faaij, G. van den Berghe, E. Koudijs, E. Worrell, Modelling waste treatment in Life Cycle Analysis, chapter of the final working document of the Dutch Platform 'LCA & Waste', prepared for the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, The Hague June 1997.

24. E.O. Zoetmulder, M.J.L. van Bijsterveld, A. Faaij, H.M. de Loor, W. van Seggelen, Evaluatie EWAB programma van NOVEM, Rapport uitgebracht aan NOVEM door Bakkenist Management Consultants, Diemen, 28 november 1997.

25. A. Faaij, F. Rosillo-Calle, A. Bauen, Assessment of methods for internalizing external costs and benefits of bio-energy; integration and conclusions. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, London University, July, 1996

26. Kent, T. and R. van den Broek, Potential for biomass power in Ireland for the years 2000 and 2020: a country -wise assessment, Teagasc Kinsealy Research Centre, Dublin, 1996.

27. Worrell, E., M. Levine, L. Price, N. Martin, R. van den Broek, and K. Blok, Potentials and policies to improve the efficiency of energy consumption: in: Proceedings of the Economy- Energy-Entropy, proceedings of the Europhysics study conference, Europhysics Study Society, p. 51-67, Geneva, 1996.

28. Broek, R. van den, G. Blaney, A Faaij, Retrofit options to enable biomass firing at Irish peat plants, Report no. 95030, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1995.

29. Broek, R. van den, A. Faaij, T. Kent, K. Healion, W. Dick, G. Blaney, and M. Bulfin, Willow firing in retrofitted Irish peat plants: overall economic evaluation and integration of background studies. nr. 95031. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht (1995).

30. Broek, R. van den, Handeloverket combined heat and power station: adaptation of performance data for a comparative study. nr. 95013. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht (1995).

31. Broek, R. van den, A. Faaij, and A. van Wijk, Biomass combustion power generation technologies, nr. 95029, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht (1995).

32. Faaij, A., R. van Ree, A. Oudhuis, Gasification of biomass wastes and residues for electricity production. Technical, economic and environmental aspects of the BIG/CC option for The Netherlands. Report no. 95035, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, June 1995.

33. Faaij, A., Lammers, G., A.A.C.M. Beenackers, Biomass gasification activities in The Netherlands and Belgium, Country reports on The Netherlands and Belgium in the context of the concerted action project "Analysis and coordination of the activities concerning gasification of biomass" (AIR-PL94-2284), within the framework of the CEC-AIR program, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, September 1995.

34. Ree, R., van, A.B.J. Oudhuis, A. Faaij, A. Curvers, Modelling of a biomass integrated gasifier/combined cycle (BIG/CC) system with the flowsheet simulation programme ASPEN^plus, Report no. ECN-C--95-041, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Petten, May, 1995.

35. Faaij, A., Biomass use for energy in The Netherlands, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University. In: Tagungsband: Thermische Nutzung von Biomasse - Technik, Probleme und Lösungsansätze - Schriftenreihe "Nachwachsende Rohstoffe" Band 2, bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Stuttgart, April, 1994.

36. Linden, F. van, J.N.M. Dekker, Towards environmental space for biodiversity in The Netherlands, prepared for the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, March 1994.

37. WEC Study Committee on Renewable Energy Sources, "Renewable Energy Resources: Opportunities and Constraints 1990-2020" a.o. W.C. Turkenburg, World Energy Council, London, 1993, 357 pp.

38. Lysen, E.H., C. Daey Ouwens, M.J.G. van Onna, K. Blok, P.A. Okken, J. Goudriaan: The feasibility of biomass production for the Dutch energy system (various institutes)/ Netherlands Organization for Energy and Environment, Utrecht, 1992.

39. Faaij, A., K. Blok, E. Worrell, Vergassing van natte biomassa-afvalstromen voor elektriciteitsproduktie, prepared for the Provence of Noord-Holland, Rapportnr. 92041, Vakgroep Natuurwetenschap en Samenleving, Universiteit Utrecht, juni 1992.

7.4. Papers in conference proceedings

1. M. Rodrigues de Souza, A. Walter, A. Faaij, Viadilidade do Uso do Gas Natural como Combustivel Complementar em Sistemas BIG-CC, em Usinas de Acucar e Alcool, prepared for: IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Generacion y Transporte de Energia Electrica, 7-10 November, 2000 Vina del Mar, Chili.

2. Andr Faaij, Wim Turkenburg, Eric van den Heuvel, Climate neutral, sustainable liquid and gaseous energy carriers: Integrated assessment and a scheme for implementation, The Fifth International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 13-16 August 2000, Cairns, Australia.

3. A. Faaij, R. Van den Broek, B. Van Engelenburg, E. Lysen, Global availability of biomass for energy and possibilities and constraints for large scale international trade, The Fifth International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 13-16 August 2000, Cairns, Australia

4. A. Faaij, M. Wesseling, I. Wolters, Non-techical barriers for bio-energy: the Netherlands case compared to the United Kingdom and Sweden. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

5. M. Rodrigues de Souza, A. Walter, A. Faaij, An analysis of scale effects on co-fired BIG/CC systems (Biomass + Natural Gas) in the state of Sao Paulo - Brazil. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

6. M. Rodrigues de Souza, A. Walter, A. Faaij, An assessment on sugar-cane residues and natural gas in the state of Sao Paulo - Brazil: possibilities and constraints for co-fired CHP plants. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

7. A. Faaij, B. Meuleman, R. van Ree, Long term perspectives of Biomass Integrated Gasification/Combined Cycle technology; and a comparison with combustion. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

8. V. Dornburg, A. Faaij, A system analysis of biomass energy systems in relation to scale - Optimising economics and energy yields of heat and power generation with biomass combustion and gasification technologies. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

9. Andr Faaij, Carlo Hamelinck, M. Tijmensen, Long term perspectives for production of fuels from biomass; integrated assessment and RD&D priorities, First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

10. R. Van den Broek, S. Teeuwisse, K. Healion, T. Kent, A. Van Wijk, A. Faaij, Potentials for electricity production from biomass in Ireland: an assessment of various potential biomass resources and conversion options. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

11. R. Van den Broek, A. Van Wijk, W. Turkenburg, A. Faaij, Energy crops: farm based versus industrial plantations: a comparison of two production methods for electricity generation in Nicaragua. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

12. M. Hoogwijk, R. Van den Broek, G. Berndes, A. Faaij, A review of assessments on the future global contribution of biomass energy. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

13. J. Martinez, J. Gonzalez, C. Hamelinck, A. Faaij, J. Ballester, L. Gutierrez Galiano, H. Sastre, Co-firing biomass in a pulverized coal power plant in Northern Spain; a real scale test. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

14. C. Daey Ouwens, A. Faaij, H. De Ruyter, Flexible, competitive production of electricity, heat and biofuels by tri-generation. First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Seville, Spain.

15. Van den Broek, R., D.J. Treffers, M. Meeusen, A. van Wijk, E. Nieuwlaar, W. Turkenburg, and M. Londo, Green energy or EKO food: an LCA system comparison of two types of utilisation of set-aside agricultural land: organic agriculture versus energy farming, presented at: the 1st World Conference and Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, Sevilla 5-9 June, 2000.

16. Van den Broek, R., L. Vleeshouwers, M. Hoogwijk, A. van Wijk, W. Turkenburg, and M. Londo, The SILVA energy crop growth model: modelling the production of Eucalyptus camaldulensis for electricity generation in Nicaragua, presented at: the 1st World Conference and Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, Sevilla 5-9 June, 2000.

17. C. Daey-Ouwens, A. Faaij, A comparison of liquid fuels made from biomass crops. in: Sustainable Energy: New Challenges for Agriculture and Implications for Land Use, E. van Ierland, A. Oude Lansink, E. Schieman (eds.), 2000, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

18. Van den Broek, R., D.J. Treffers, M. Meeusen, A. van Wijk, E. Nieuwlaar, W. Turkenburg, Set-aside land for bioenergy or extensification of agriculture?: a comparative LCA study, based on equal land use, in: Sustainable Energy: New Challenges for Agriculture and Implications for Land Use, E. van Ierland, A. Oude Lansink, E. Schieman (eds.), Wageningen, 2000.

19. A. Faaij, I. Wolters, Non technical barriers for bio-energy, paper prepared for the 2nd National Conference on Renewable Energy, 25-26 November 1999, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.

20. Broek, R. van den, A. van Wijk, W. Turkenburg, Electricity generation from eucalyptus and bagasse by sugar mills in Nicaragua: Part B: Results of a comparison with electricity from fueloil on the basis of costs, emissions and macro-economic impacts (in Dutch), to be presented at the Dutch Sustainable Energy Conference 1999, Noordwijkerhout, 1999.

21. Broek, R. van den, A. van Wijk, W. Turkenburg, Electricity generation from eucalyptus and bagasse by sugar mills in Nicaragua: Part C: Eucalyptus production at farm-level versus industrial plantations (in Dutch), to be presented at the Dutch Sustainable Energy Conference 1999, Noordwijkerhout, 1999.

22. A. Faaij, A. Agterberg, Long term perspectives for production of fuels from biomass; integrated assessment and RD&D priorities, Paper prepared for the 4th Biomass Conference of the America=s, Oakland, 1999.

23. A. Faaij, C. Hamelinck, E. Larson, T. Kreutz, Production of methanol and hydrogen from biomass via advanced conversion concepts, Paper prepared for the 4th Biomass Conference of the America=s, Oakland 1999.

24. M. Hekkert, R. van den Broek, A. Faaij, Energy crops versus waste paper; a systems comparison of paper recycling and paper incineration on the basis of equal land-use, in: Proceedings of the Fourth Biomass Conference of the Americas, pp. 487-493, Oakland, 1999.

25. Hoogwijk, M., R. van den Broek, L. Vleeshouwers, Electricity generation from eucalyptus and bagasse by sugarmills in Nicaragua: Part A: Modelling eucalyptus growth with the crop growth model SILVA (in Dutch), to be presented at the Dutch Sustainable Energy Conference 1999, Noordwijkerhout, 1999.

26. Hoogwijk, M., Broek, R. van den and Vleeshouwers, L., Crop growth modelling of eucalyptus for electricity generation in Nicaragua, in: Proceedings of the Fourth Biomass Conference of the Americas, pp. 255-261, Oakland, 1999.

27. S. Teeuwissen, R. van den Broek, Energy crops versus multi-product plantations: Possibilities for co-combustion of biomass in a new Irish peat station (in Dutch), to be presented at the Dutch Sustainable Energy Conference 1999, Noordwijkerhout, 1999.

28. D.J. Treffers, R. van den Broek, M. Meeusen, Extensification of agriculture or introduction of energy crops?: Comparable Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) between biological agriculture and conventional agriculture combined with the cultivation of energy crops (in Dutch), to be presented at the Dutch Sustainable Energy Conference 1999, Noordwijkerhout, 1999.

29. Broek, R. van den and A. van Wijk, Heat and power from eucalyptus and bagasse in Nicaragua: Part A:description of existing initiatives, in: 10^th European Conference and Technology Exhibition: Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceedings of the International Conference, pp. 1724-1727, Würzburg, 1998 (Report no. 98008).

30. Broek, R. van den and A. van wijk, Heat and power from eucalyptus and bagasse in Nicaragua: Part B: results of environmental, macro- and micro-economic evaluation, in: 10^th European Conference and Technology Exhibition: Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceedings of the International Conference, pp. 965-968, Würzburg, 1998 (Report no. 98009).

31. A. Faaij, Optimising energy from biomass; future prospects, current action. In: Regional Wood Energy Devolopment Programme in Asia, Report on the expert consultation on options for dendropower in Asia, Manilla, Philipines 1-3 April 1998. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, June 1998.

32. Vlasblom J., Broek van den R., Meeusen-van Onna M, National and regional economic impacts of electricity production from energy crops in the Netherlands,in: 10^th European Conference and Technology Exhibition: Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceedings of the International Conference, pp. 1263-1266, Würzburg, 1998 (Report no. 98010).

33. Broek, R. van den, R. Carneiro de Miranda, A. van Wijk, Combined heat and power generation from bagasse and eucalyptus by sugarmills in Nicaragua, in: Proceedings of the Third Biomass Conference of the Americas, pp. 1389-1400, Montreal, 1997.

34. Broek, R. van den, A van Wijk, La generación de electricidad a partir de eucalipto en ingenios azucareros en Nicaragua: Costes, aspectos macroeconómicos y medioambientales, Reunión regional sobre la biomasa para la producción de energía y alimentos, Havana, 3-6 November 1997.

35. Kent, T., R. van den Broek, Wood Biomass Energy Resource Evaluation In Ireland, presented at the 4th international woodfuel conference Wood fuel at work, 20th-23rd Oct 1997 UK , ETSU

36. B. Meuleman, A. Faaij, Bijstoken van rioolwaterzuiveringsslib, Vakgroep Natuurwetenschap en Samenleving Universiteit Utrecht, Energie onderzoeksCentrum Nederland, In: proceedings van de eerste Nederlandse Duurzame Energie Conferentie, Ede, 17-18 november, 1997.

37. Vlasblom, J., Broek, R. van den and Meeuwsen- van Onna, M., Nationale en regionale economische effecten van elektriciteitsproduktie uit energiegewassen, Nederlandse Duurzame Energie Conferentie: Ruimte voor duurzame energie, p.189-190, 1997.

38. Broek, R. van den, A. van Wijk, Methodologies for environmental, micro- and macroeconomic evaluation of bioenergy systems, presented at the 9th European Bioenergy Conference in Copenhagen, 24-27 June 1996, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1996 (Report no. 96127).

39. Broek, R. van den, A. Faaij, A. van Wijk, T. Kent, K. Healion, W. Dick, G. Blaney, and M. Bulfin, Retrofitted Irish peat plants with willow as fuel, paper presented at 9th European Bioenergy Conference, Copenhagen, June 24-27, 1996.

40. Broek, R. van den, A. van Wijk, The role of reference systems and land-use in LCA of biomass energy, paper presented at European conference on environmental impact of biomass for energy, Noordwijkerhout (Report no. 95099), 1996.

41. Broek, R. van den, A. Faaij, and A. van Wijk, Biomassa-verbrandingstechnologie voor elektriciteitsopwekking, in Vijfde Nederlandse zonne-energie conferentie 1995: Met de zon de markt op: Symposium Biomassa, pp. 36-39. Holland Solar, Veldhoven, 1995.

42. Broek, R. van den, A. Faaij, T. Kent, K. Healion, W. Dick, G. Blaney, and M. Bulfin, Willow firing in retrofitted Irish peat plants, in Second biomass conference of the Americas: energy, environment, agriculture and industry, pp. 493-502. NREL, Portland, 1995.

43. Steetskamp, I., A. Faaij, A. van Wijk, Space for biomass, an exploratory study of the spatial potential for the cultivation of biomass for energy in The Netherlands. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change Research: Evaluation and Policy Implications Maastricht, the Netherlands, 6-9 December 1995.

44. Curvers, A., J. van Doorn, J. Pierik, A. Faaij, R. van den Broek, L. Waldheim, W. Dick, K. Healion, T. Kent, M. Bulfin, G. Blaney and D. Nolan, Energy from biomass: an assessment of two promising systems for energy production, in Biomass for energy, environment, agrculture and industry (Eds. Ph. Chartier, A. Beenackers, and G. Grassi), pp. 990-1001. Pergamon, Vienna (1994).

45. WEC Study Committee on Renewable Energy Sources, "Renewable Energy Resources: Opportunities and Constraints 1990-2020" a.o. W.C. Turkenburg, Proceed. 15th Congress of the World Energy Council, Madrid, 20-25 September 1992.

7.5. M.Sc. reports

1. Plantinga, M., Biomass energy in rural South Africa: economic comparison of electricity and heat generation at various scales (supervised by Faaij & van den Broek and CSIR - South Africa), Utrecht, 2000.

2. Junginger, M., Setting up fuel supply strategies for large scale bio-energy projects - a methodology for developing countries, STS and FAO-RWEDP, Utrecht 2000, pp. 59 (supervised by Faaij, van den Broek & Koopmans (Regional Wood Energy Development Programma - FAO, Bangkok)

3. Tijmensen, M., The production of Fischer Tropsch liquids and power through biomass gasification, STS, Utrecht, 2000, pp. 66 (Supervised by Faaij, Hamelinck and Hardeveld (Shell Global Solutions)).

4. Groen, van, M., Energy rooted in sugar cubes - the interaction between energy savings and cogeneration in Indian sugar mills, report 99066, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1999.

5. Dornburg, V., A system analysis of biomass energy systems in relation to scale: optimising economics and energy yields of heat and power generation with biomass combustion and gasification technology, report 99036, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1999.

6. Hendriksma, N., An adjusted input-output method for estimating the macro-economic impact of biomass energy: comparison between willow, charcoal and coal for electricity generation on their total cost and their macro-economic impact, report 99008, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1999.

7. Wesseling, M., Bio-energie vergeleken: kan Nederland leren van het succesvolle buitenland?, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, October 1999.

8. Roose, M., Energieteelt in Multifunctioneel landgebruik: evaluatie van een aantal mogelijkheden om de teelt van biomassa te combineren met andere functies, report 99041, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1999.

9. Wolters, I., Niet-technische problemen rond de inzet van bio-energie, rapport 99020, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, April 1999

10. Teeuwisse, S., Co-firing biomass in the Europeat power station in Ireland: an assessment of pure energy crops versus multi-product plantations and sawmill residues, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1999.

11. Treffers, D.J., Comparative LCA on different agricultural production systems, report 99026, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1999.

12. Hoogwijk, M., Crop growth modelling of eucalyptus plantations in Nicaragua, report 98076 , Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1998.

13. Vliet, L.M. van der, Scheiden, vergisten, verbranden. Report 98015, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1998.

14. Vlasblom, J., Do energy crops boost the economy?: an assessment of the national and regional economic impacts of electricity from energy crops, report 97031, Department of Science Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1997.

15. Meeuwesen, A.A.G.A., Pyrolyse van hout, verdere verwerkingsroutes en toepassingen, report 97089, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1997

16. Urban, R., Biomass combustion for power generation, report 96066, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1996.

17. Hekkert, M., Energetische en economische optimalisatie van de Nederlandse afvalverwerkingsstructuur in 2010 door de inzet van nieuwe verwerkingstechnieken, report 95061, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, 1995.

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